Built to defend Australia — not to fight someone else's wars.

The unhappy reality is that nations can sleep-walk into war, even when rational, objective self-interest on all sides cries out against it. Bellicose nationalist rhetoric, designed mainly for domestic political consumption, can generate over-reactions elsewhere. Small provocations, economic or otherwise, can generate an escalating cycle of larger reactions. Precautionary defence spending can escalate into a full-blown arms race.

— Gareth Evans, former Minister for Defence

Adopt the posture of defence of Australia

The Labor Government has taken a more measured approach to China than its predecessor but with Australia’s interests now ever more deeply aligned with the US, our economic and geopolitical interests in East Asia and the Asia Pacific regions are at risk. Threats to Australia are more likely to be economic and disruptive than any sort of invasion and quite different from the role the US adopts. The war between Hamas and Israel, the death of over 36,000 Palestinians (June 2024), mostly civilians, the ongoing military strikes in Gaza and Rafah and the crisis of mass starvation and displacement is undermining regional stability.

It is said China’s build-up is now the largest and most ambitious of any country since the Second World War at around 500 nuclear weapons. This is a small number compared with those of Russia and the US. However, the UN estimates that just 400 of today’s 22,000 nuclear weapons could wipe out all humanity and other biota.

Australia should initiate arms control talks for the region and raise the alarm about existential threat of nuclear weapons.

Be an independent voice in foreign affairs

Australia’s foreign policy directly affects our trade, security, peace, and international standing. Diplomacy should be the front line of advancing Australia’s national interest through persuasion and good relationships, especially in our Asia-Pacific region. However, underfunded diplomacy, record low levels of foreign aid.

Acquire defence equipment that is smaller, smarter, far less costly and more effective

Such as:

• Uncrewed aircraft or land based missiles instead of vulnerable frigates – saving $36b

• 20 advanced diesel-electric submarines that can stay submerged for weeks instead of 8 nuclear submarines – saving $80b

• Anti-ship missiles instead of more armoured vehicles

Broaden defence to encompass diplomacy

Particularly in Southeast Asia and the Pacific Islands where these countries, unlike Australia, do not wish to adopt the language of the ‘China threat’ or take sides between the two great powers. Australia’s role in education, free trade agreements, development and aid programs is crucial, as are positive encouragements towards democratic reforms, gender equality and closer relationships.

Recruit, train, fully equip and properly integrate Defence Reserves for homeland roles

The single greatest contribution to national security this Reserve Strategic Review submission can make is to enable an outcome where Government and Defence approach future planning with a common understanding that the nation requires a fully integrated and aligned ADF, with Permanent and Reserve components that complement and sustain each other.

Substantially increase Australia’s Airforce capability

RAAF chief, Mel Hupfeld says the RAAF is the region’s most technologically advanced air force, but technology alone will not see it succeed.

Purchase and deploy space reconnaissance and communications assets

The National Defence Strategy was released in April however, the Australian Strategic Policy Institute says that of a budget of $9-$12 billion, a mere $590 million will be spent on ‘enhanced space capabilities’, including satellite communications, space sensors and space control.

Raise the level of cyber and intelligence capability

An Independent Intelligence Review, due to report mid-year, raised questions about how Australia will build and maintain cyber capability and improve communications.

Complete and act on the risk assessment to Australia of global warming

The UN and leading international security agencies have identified climate change as a security threat for the last decade. Rapid climate change is likely to create, accelerate and exacerbate already unstable situations world-wide. Forced migration, social and political tensions are likely to cause conflict and violence. Climate change has a direct effect on war fighting, threatening to overwhelm our security and undermine Defence’s contribution to Pacific Step-Up initiatives which puts us at a competitive disadvantage in developing regional influence and power projection.

Overall, climate change is degrading stability and increasing complexity in Defence and Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief environments. This is having a major effect on our region, as archipelagic nations are seeing their whole landmass at risk of falling beneath rising sea levels, threatening habitability. The inhabitants of these archipelagic nations will likely become climate refugees, forced to find a new home.

Australia’s reluctance to act seriously on climate threatens Australia’s interests and standing on the global stage.

Entrust the Parliament to decide whether or not Australia will go to war

The decision to go to war is one of the most serious choices any government will face. Though not explicitly stated in the Australian Constitution, in practice, the power to make war, deploy troops and declare peace, has been assumed by the prime minister; not the governor general nor the parliament. It is however constitutionally possible to change this practice by agreement of the parliament.

Since 1985 the Australian Democrats have attempted to remove the exclusive power of the government to commit Australia to war, without success. In 2023 that power was again affirmed by a joint parliamentary committee.

Both Houses of Parliament should be required to authorise by resolution any decision to commit the Australian Defence Force to warlike operations or potential hostilities within sixty days of the decision to commit forces. Given that the contemporary kinds of conflict tend to run for many years, ADF deployments should then be reconsidered by the Parliament on an annual basis.

Former Australian Army chief, Peter Leahy

Initiate arms control talks for the region

And raise the alarm about existential threats from nuclear weapons.